The Beginning Of Time :: essays research papers fc

The Beginning Of Time There was a period in history when the beginning of the world in which we live in was a expressed through legends and myths, now, through the use of increasingly advanced scientific equipment we can see that the universe is more vast and complex than ever imaginable. The purpose of this paper is to bring light to some of the modern beliefs regarding the origin of the universe by answering a series of questions. What are the commonly excepted theories of the evolution of the universe? What is meant by the "Big Bang Theory" and how does it work? And how our planet and solar system developed from The Big Bang? This paper will use scientific data to base the evolution of our universe around The Big Bang. At the present time there are two theories which are used to explain the creation of the universe. The first theory is the infamous Big Bang Theory, which will be detailed later. The second is the Steady State Theory. (Weinberg, 1977) The later hypothesis was created to replace the common belief that the universe was completely static. The expansion of the universe was discovered in 1929 when Edwin Hubble discovered that every galaxy in the universe was moving away from each other, this meant that the universe was expanding. Hubble found the movement of the galaxies by using a phenomenon known as the Doppler effect. This effect caused bodies moving away from an observer to have a "red-shifted" spectrum (the light spectrum of the body had been shifted closer to red) and bodies moving towards an observer to be "blue-shifted" (Hawking, 1988) The expansion was traced backwards through time to discover that all the galaxies had originated from the same point. It was later believed that all matter spawn from that "center of the universe" discovered by Hubble, by means of some sort of enigmatic portal. Matter would collect outside this singularity and form every moon, planet, and star known today. The Steady State Theory was very attractive because it featured a universe with no beginning or end. The theory meant that scientist had to abandon the laws of conservations of mass and energy. It seemed plausible that the aforementioned laws of physics could breakdown at a certain point but more and more evidence gathered against the Steady State Theory, leading to unending modifications to it. Until finally the theory was dropped completely with the discovery of the smooth microwave background radiation (radiation so ancient it had shifted right out of the visible spectrum into microwave radiation). A smooth background to the universe suggested that it was hot and uniform - the

How Does Jesus Show People Are More Important Than Law

‘How does Jesus show people are more important than the law? Do you agree? Explain why or why not. ‘ Jesus suggests that people are more important than the law through many of his actions and the things he preached, that went against or undermined the strict Laws the J swish society he was born into held to. Many of these actions and the things he said could be interpreted to mean that Jesus did not think these laws were not applicable in some circus dances anymore and so needn't be obeyed, resulting in him proportioning people, and more imp ardently, love, over some of the laws.Jesus first specifies that people have priority over law in Mark 2:2328, where h e states in particular Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath. % This s suggests that he was challenging the ‘relinquishing society that the Pharisees had created, where it was no longer about keeping the laws to honor God and for the benefit of man, but instead about abiding to the laws and being pun ished if you didn't. In stating this, Jesus is e emphasizing this and suggesting that the laws were not the most important thing and mercy o n the people was more important if the laws were not kept than punishment.This idea is again submitted in John 8:1 1 1, where instead of punishing the adulterous woman, Jesus grants m Eric on her and instead says ‘Now go and leave your life of sin. ‘ This again implies people are more important than upholding the law, although it is obvious that each scenario is different and must be handled accordingly. Instead of emphasizing law as the most important thing, Jesus instead introduce sec Love as the most important commandment over keeping the law. This is made apparent I n Mark 12:2831, when Jesus stated the most important commandment is ‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart, †¦ LU, †¦ Mind and †¦ Strength' and the second being ‘Love your neighbor our as yourself. ‘ Jesus goes on in Luke 10:2537 to specify that being someone's ‘neighbor' is h avian ‘mercy' on others, shown in the Parable of the Good Samaritan. Within this parable, J sees also depicts the ‘neighbor' as being an â€Å"enemy† of the injured man who broke the Jewish law by touching someone unclean (even though he himself was a Gentile so this din ‘t apply to him but applied to the injured man, whom his own society would have rejected), b UT was identified as doing the right thing even by the Jews listening to the story.Jesus is therefore emphasizing the value of humans over upholding the law, stemming from cacti Eng out of love for them. Jesus also impressed upon the disciples this concept of the laws no longer en ding to be â€Å"forced† upon people and therefore everything being allowed, but the laws ha vying our best interests in mind so keeping them should be for our benefit , and not for the sake of keeping them. This is echoed by Paul in 1 Corinthians 6:12 when he st ates â€Å"everything is permissible for me, but not everything is beneficial. â€Å".This shows humans as now, through Jesus, being et free from the laws, but also states that the laws were originally put in place e for our benefit and protection, thereby suggesting the most logical thing to do would be to u uphold them, but 18/11/14 By Amelia Parkinson Ethics Prep Questions just no longer having to strictly abide by them for the sake of doing so, and m meaning the old laws can now be broken if it is the most loving action to do. Personally, agree with the approach Jesus has to the laws, and think that Poe peel should take priority over abiding by the laws.

Patricia Hill Collins Biography, Thought, and Works

Patricia Hill Collins (born May 1, 1948) is an active American sociologist known for her research and theory that sits at the intersection of race, gender, class, sexuality, and nationality. She served in 2009 as the  100th president of the American Sociological Association (ASA) — the first African American woman elected to this position. Collins is the recipient of numerous prestigious awards, including the Jessie Bernard Award, given by the ASA for her first and groundbreaking book, published in 1990,  Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Power of Empowerment;  the C. Wright Mills Award  given by the Society for the Study of Social Problems, also for her first book; and, was lauded with the Distinguished Publication Award of the ASA in 2007 for another widely read and taught, theoretically innovative book,  Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. Fast Facts: Patricia Hill Collins Known For: Distinguished University Professor of Sociology at the  University of Maryland, College Park, first African-American female president of the  American Sociological Association  Council, esteemed author focusing on gender, race and social equality.Born: May 1, 1948, in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaParents: Albert Hill and Eunice Randolph HillSpouse: Roger L. CollinsChild: Valerie L. CollinsEducation: Brandeis University (B.A., Ph.D.), Harvard University (M.A.)Published Works: Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment, Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism, From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism, Another Kind of Public Education: Race, Schools, the Media and Democratic Possibilities, Intersectionality. Early Life Patricia Hill was born in Philadelphia in 1948 to Eunice Randolph Hill, a secretary, and Albert Hill, a factory worker and veteran of World War II. She grew up an only child in a working-class family and was educated in the public school system. As a smart child, she often found herself in the uncomfortable position of the de-segregator and reflected in her first book,  Black Feminist Thought, how she was frequently marginalized and discriminated against on the basis of her  race,  class, and  gender. Of this, she wrote: Beginning in adolescence, I was increasingly the first, one of the few, or the only African American and/or woman and/or working class person in my schools, communities, and work settings. I saw nothing wrong with being who I was, but apparently many others did. My world grew larger, but I felt I was growing smaller. I tried to disappear into myself in order to deflect the painful, daily assaults designed to teach me that being an African American, working-class woman made me lesser than those who were not. And as I felt smaller, I become quieter and eventually was virtually silenced. Though she faced many struggles as a working-class woman of color in white dominant institutions, Collins persisted and created a vibrant and important academic career. Intellectual and Career Development Collins left Philadelphia in 1965 to attend college at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. There, she majored in sociology, enjoyed intellectual freedom, and reclaimed her voice, thanks to the focus in her department on the sociology of knowledge. This subfield of sociology, which focuses on understanding how knowledge takes shape, who and what influences it, and how knowledge intersects systems of  power, proved formative in shaping Collins’ intellectual development and her career as a sociologist. While in college she devoted time to fostering progressive educational models in the schools of Boston’s black community, which laid the foundation for a career that has always been a mixture of academic and community work. Collins completed her Bachelor of Arts in 1969, then  completed a Masters in Teaching in Social Science Education at Harvard University the following year. After completing her Masters degree, she taught and participated in curriculum development at St. Joseph’s School and a few other schools in Roxbury, a predominantly black neighborhood in Boston. Then, in 1976, she transitioned back into the realm of higher education and served as Director of the African American Center at Tufts University in Medford, also outside Boston. While at Tufts she met Roger Collins, whom she married in 1977. Collins gave birth to their daughter, Valerie, in 1979. She then began her doctoral studies in sociology at Brandeis in 1980, where she was supported by an ASA Minority Fellowship, and received a Sydney Spivack Dissertation Support Award. Collins earned her Ph.D. in 1984. While working on her dissertation, she and her family moved to Cincinnati in 1982, where Collins joined the Department of African American Studies at the University of Cincinnati. She forged her career there, working for twenty-three years and serving as Chair from 1999 to 2002. During this time she was also affiliated with the departments of Women’s Studies and Sociology. Collins has recalled that she appreciated working in the interdisciplinary African American Studies department because doing so freed her thought from disciplinary frames. Her passion for transgressing academic and intellectual boundaries shines through in all of her scholarship, which merges seamlessly and in important, innovative ways, the epistemologies of sociology, women and  feminist studies, and black studies. Major Published Works In 1986, Collins published her groundbreaking article, â€Å"Learning from the Outsider Within,† in  Social Problems. In this essay, she drew from the sociology of knowledge to critique the hierarchies of race, gender, and class that cast her, an African American woman from a working-class background, as an outsider within the academy. She presented in this work the invaluable feminist concept of standpoint epistemology, which recognizes that all knowledge is created and proffered from the particular social locations that each of us, as individuals, inhabits. While now a relatively mainstream concept within social sciences and humanities, at the time that Collins wrote this piece, the knowledge created by and legitimated by such disciplines was still largely limited to the white, wealthy, heterosexual male viewpoint. Reflecting feminist concerns about how social problems and their solutions are framed, and which are even recognized and studied  when the production of schol arship is limited to such a small sector of the population, Collins offered a scathing critique of the experiences of women of color in academia. This piece set the stage for her first book and the rest of her career. In the award-winning  Black Feminist Thought, published in 1990, Collins offered her theory of the  intersectionality  of forms of oppressions — race, class, gender, and sexuality — and argued that they are simultaneously occurring, mutually constitutive forces that compose an overarching system of power. She argued that black women are uniquely positioned, due to their race and gender, to understand the importance of self-definition within the context of a social system that defines oneself  in oppressive ways and that they are also uniquely positioned, because of their experiences within the social system, to engage in social justice work. Collins suggested that though her work focused on the black feminist thought of intellectuals and activists like Angela Davis, Alice Walker, and Audre Lorde, among others, that the experiences and perspectives of black women serve as a crucial lens for understanding systems of oppression generally. In more recent editions of this text, Collins has expanded her theory and research to include issues of globalization and nationality. In 1998, Collins published her second book,  Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. In this work, she expanded on the concept of â€Å"outsider within† presented in her 1986 essay to discuss the tactics black women use to combat injustice and oppression, and how they go about resisting the oppressive perspective of the majority, while simultaneously creating new knowledge of injustice. In this book she furthered her critical discussion of the sociology of knowledge, advocating for the importance of acknowledging and taking seriously the knowledge and perspectives of oppressed groups, and recognizing it as oppositional social theory. Collins’ other award-winning book,  Black Sexual Politics, was published in 2004. In this work she once again expands her theory of intersectionality by focusing on the intersections of  racism  and heterosexism, often using pop culture figures and events to frame her argument. She contends in this book that society will not be able to move beyond inequality and oppression until we stop oppressing each other on the basis of race, sexuality, and class and that one form of oppression cannot and does not trump any others. Thus, social justice work and community building work must recognize the system of oppression as just that — a coherent, interlocking system — and combat it from a unified front. Collins presents a moving plea in this book for people to search for their commonalities and forge solidarity, rather than allowing oppression  to divide us along lines of race, class, gender, and sexuality. Key Intellectual  Contributions Throughout her career, Collins’ work has been framed by a sociology of knowledge approach that recognizes that the creation of knowledge is a social process, framed and validated by social institutions. The intersection of power with knowledge, and how oppression is connected to the marginalization and invalidation of the knowledge of the many by the power of the few, are central principles of her scholarship. Collins has thus been a vocal critic of the claim by scholars that they are neutral, detached observers who have scientific, objective authority to speak as experts about the world and all of its people. Instead, she advocates for scholars to engage in critical self-reflection about their own processes of knowledge formation,  what they consider valid or invalid knowledge, and to make their own positionality clear in their scholarship. Collins’ fame and acclaim as a sociologist is largely due to her development of the concept of intersectionality, which refers to  the interlocking nature of forms of oppression on the basis of race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality, and the  simultaneity of their occurrence.  Though initially articulated by Kimberlà © Williams Crenshaw, a legal scholar who critiqued the racism of the legal system, it is Collins who fully theorized and analyzed it. Todays sociologists,  thanks to Collins,  take  for granted that one cannot understand or address forms of oppression without tackling the entire system of oppression. Marrying the sociology of knowledge with her concept of intersectionality, Collins is also well known for asserting the importance of marginalized forms of knowledge, and counter-narratives that challenge mainstream ideological framing of people on the basis of race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality. Her work thus celebrates the perspectives of black women — mostly written out of Western history — and is centered on the feminist principle of trusting people to be experts on their own experience. Her scholarship has thus been influential as a tool for validating the perspectives of women, the poor, people of color, and other marginalized groups, and has served as a call to action for oppressed communities to unite their efforts to achieve social change. Throughout her career,  Collins has  advocated for the power of people, the importance of  community building,  and the necessity of  collective efforts to achieving change. An activist-scholar, she has invested in community work wherever she has lived, at all stages of her career. As the 100th President of the ASA, she cast the theme of the organizations annual meeting as â€Å"The New Politics of Community.† Her Presidential Address, delivered at the meeting, discussed communities as sites of political engagement and contestation and reaffirmed the importance  of sociologists investing in the communities they study, and of  working alongside them in the pursuit of equality and justice. Legacy In 2005 Collins joined the University of Maryland’s department of sociology as a Distinguished University Professor, where she currently works with graduate students on issues of race, feminist thought, and social theory. She maintains an active research agenda and continues to write books and articles. Her current work has transcended the borders of the United States, in keeping with the recognition within sociology that we now live in a globalized social system. Collins is focused on understanding, in her own words, how African American male and female youths experiences with social issues of education, unemployment, popular culture and political activism articulate with global phenomena, specifically, complex social inequalities, global capitalist development, transnationalism, and political activism.

The Communist Manifesto, By Karl Marx And Thoreau

Between the late 1840’s and 1850’s industrial revolution and the growth of markets led to a clear distinction between the working class and the class of owners. People are working harder to live a luxurious life. During this time the Communist Manifesto (1848) by Karl Marx (1818- 1883) and Walden (1854) by Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862) were published. Both Marx and Thoreau were after ending slavery. Marx was after ending slavery among the class struggles, while Thoreau was after ending slavery from your self. Thoreau had a similar vision of utopia as Marx, however his approach to the problem was that revolution is internal rather than violent, pervasive and militaristic. They had radically different solutions and starting points to the similar problem Marx and Thoreau perceive. In Communist Manifesto, Marx introduces his philosophy by stating, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.† Marx presents various illustrations of class struggles between the oppressors and oppressed. Some examples include the â€Å"lord and serf†, â€Å"freeman and slave†, and â€Å"patrician and plebeian† to name a few. Marx suggests that the current struggle in society is between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The bourgeoisies are the class of owners or the ruling class. What separates the bourgeoisies from the rest is that they have private property. According to Thoreau, private property is that which produces capital. It is buildings, engines, and machinery. InShow MoreRelatedThe Communist Manifesto And Walden1700 Words   |  7 Pages In the publications The Communist Manifesto and Walden, Karl Mark and Henry David Thoreau express the prevailing issues of a flawed functioning society. Marx conveys th e economic instability of his imperfect civilization, while Thoreau states the materialistic difficulties that prevail in his. Both authors portray a goal to pursue harmony throughout their societies but differentiate in their ways of achieving such freedom. Throughout The Communist Manifesto, Marx expresses the political, economicRead MoreThe Western Forecast Of The Post World War1408 Words   |  6 Pagesattitudes were shaped by western thinkers and approaches to revolution were somewhat governed by their surrounding environment. Mao was influenced namely by Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, but Chinese political climate at the time mainly made him take a sympathetic revolutionary approach. Gandhi was impacted namely by Henry David Thoreau, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Nietzsche, but the Indian religious climate at the time made him take a nonviolent revolutionary approach. Collectively, both Eastern thinkers

A Comparison of Leadership Abilities of Odysseus in...

Comparing the Leadership Abilities of Odysseus in Odyssey and Aeneas in Aeneid These two heroes have embarked from the same destination but on very different journeys. Whilst they are both Iliadic heroes at the start of their stories, they develop and adapt their manner towards the characteristics required of them to succeed. Before we judge them, it is necessary to determine our definition of a successful leader. A hero from the Iliad must be a speaker of words and one who is accomplished in action, according to the horseman Phoinix (Iliad.9.413). A leader must have these primary qualities then, as he must lead by example, but to create the ideal we must add to this. The leader should rely on no others but in turn listen to†¦show more content†¦When he lands at Carthage and Venus is kind enough to give him information about Didos people, she is disguised and departs immediately after having spoken, to the despair of Aeneas (you so often mock your own son...you too are cruel A.1.406). The other help he receives is limited (thick mist A.1.411) and with no knowledge of its existence. Whilst his mother is vehement in defending her son and his people when she is on Olympus (it is unspeakable. We are betrayed A.1.252 take pity on them A.10.60), no action is taken to ease him in his distress or console him in person. Within the Aeneid, the gods are not the ever-present guardians that Athene is to Odysseus in the Odyssey, whether they agree or not (Hercules checked the great groan... helpless tears streamed A.10.465). Athene on the other hand, not only helps Odysseus with her divine power but she gives him advice (go to the swineherd O.13.403), disguises him (change you beyond recognition O.13.396), and even cares for his family (instil more spirit into Odysseus son O.1.89, prompted the wise Penelope O.21.1). She is very intimate with Odysseus, conversing at length and speaking very openly (you are so persuasive, so quick-witted, so self-possessed O.13.333). Whilst Venus never alights on the earth to console Aeneas in his grief (heart sick at the sadness of war A.8.29), Athene can not bear to leave her hero

Beverage Service Training Program for Servers Free Essays

Beverage Service Training Program for Servers Introduction Beverage service industry is typically defined as a part of the hospitality industry. The training program coaches the servers to welcome customers, take drink orders, and serve drinks in a competent manner. The graceful behavior of beverage servers is extremely valuable because they are the frontline representatives of the restaurant/ hotel. We will write a custom essay sample on Beverage Service Training Program for Servers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although, no hard core education or training is necessary for this industry, yet the development of a planned training module is essential. The basic etiquettes, which are essential for this industry, can be imbibed by various training approaches (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) Training Methods In the beverage serving industry, customer is the central focus. Therefore, it is vital to serve him in the best possible manner. In this whole act, server is the crucial element of dining service, so that there is implementation of diverse training modules. There is a bifurcation of training modules in two categories: Off-the-job and On-the-job training modules Off-the-job Training: This training module entails classroom training. This training requires extra devotion from the server in gaining training. Different types of training methods in this module are: Classroom Lectures: This training includes lecture delivery on topics related to curriculum of the training module. It is beneficial because the instructor provides first-hand information to the servers and servers get proper guideline to follow. The instructor will provide information to serve glass or place the tray. Also read  Modules 9 10 One more benefit of this technique is that, in case of any mystification, the server can ask immediately (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) Role Plays: It is the most widely used training method, as it inculcates the grounding of real time situations. In this, the server experiences different hypothetical situations and prepares himself to react in the most efficient manner (Danziger, and Dunkle, 2005) On-the-job training, module: This training method is most appropriate for this industry. The different techniques, applied in this field, are: Coaching: It engrosses one-to-one interaction. In this, the server gets assignation of a senior person, and the person communicates the plan to the server. The basic utility of this method is that it provides a prospect, with which a server gets instant feedback for his performance (Parpal, 2012). Apprenticeship Training: This training module enables the server to experience actual working performance. This training also provides the server with suggesting some novel ideas of serving the drinks, new wine combinations, and many more (Danziger and Dunkle, 2005). Training Objectives The training objectives, in beverage serving training, are mostly not quantitative but qualitative. Some of the training objectives are as follows: 1. To Impart Effective Communication Skills: The communication skills are hugely prominent in the service industry, as it will persuade the customers to buy that product. The perfect explanation of the menu is a prerequisite in this industry. 2. To Instill Serving Skills: The manner of placing the glass on the table is extremely crucial. While serving the customers, it is essential to focus over the table, as placing glasses over the table will require caution and proper arrangement of plates and glasses (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 3. Proper Dressing Style: In the hospitality sector, it is essential to have proper dressing style. The personal hygiene is a noteworthy factor, as the dirty or clumsy appearance will impart a false impression on the customers (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 4. Building Right Attitude: The right attitude involves the empathetic behavior of servers towards customers. The feeling of helping customers with a smile is particularly influential in service oriented sector. Building right responsive behavior, concerning customers is the main motive of this object (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 5. Attentiveness: It refers to cautious behavior regarding customers’ desires. A decent server will be vigilant enough to recognize the requirements of customers; like, when a customer’s glass is empty, the server immediately needs to ask if the customer needs other peg for drink. It is terribly hard during night shifts and long working hours (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). Measurement of Training Success To calculate the success of training, various methods are employed: 1. Regular Assessment: This method is highly functional for the measurement of success of training modules. The learning time consumed in gaining expertise in the operations, like handling bottles, opening the cork of the bottle and displaying controlled hand gestures are measured by this method (Parpal, 2012). 2. Observations: The behaviors with customers and dressing style are measured by keen observation. The courteous behavior is measured by ardent supervision. Moreover, the supervisor keeps an intense vision on the behavior of the server during night hours. During night hours, the chance of misbehaving with customers is comparatively high. 3. Customer Satisfaction Survey: This method is the finest among all the evaluation tools. Customers provide the genuine results for the performance of any beverage server. It will require a set of questions, which may offer correct measurement of performance (Parpal, 2012). Various other parameters are also taken into consideration for the performance measurement of servers, for example, attendance during lectures, dedication to learning more and evaluation of daily feedbacks. All these data will then be evaluated to calculate the overall success of the training program. In the end, the customer revisit will also be a symbol of success of training schedule (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) Work Cited Arduser, Lora and Brown, Robert D. The Waiter Waitress and Waitstaff Training Handbook: A Complete Guide to the Proper Steps in Service for Food Beverage Employees. Atlantic Publishing Company, 2005 Danziger, James and Dunkle, Debora. Methods of Training in the Workplace. Web. 10 October 2012. http://www. crito. uci. edu/papers/2005/DanzigerDunkle. pdf Hickey, Philip J. and Cichy, Richard. Managing Service in Food and Beverage Operations. Educational Inst of the Amer Hotel (3rd ed. ). 2011 Parpal, Monica. Restaurant Server Training Guidelines. Restaurant Equipment and Supplies. Web. 10 October 2012. http://www. foodservicewarehouse. com/restaurant-equipment-supply-marketing-articles/restaurant-management-and-operations/restaurant-server-training-guidelines/c28036. asp How to cite Beverage Service Training Program for Servers, Papers

Analysis Of The Kingdom Of Mat Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of The Kingdom Of Mat Essay In order to understand the ramifications of Matthiass formation of his kingdom, the social,financial, ethnic, and sexual conditions of the times must be realized as the catalysts that cause the cults to form. A whole series of evangelic congregations appeared in the early decades of the nineteenth century in order to serve the poor, the emotionally needy, those barred from the newprosperousness, hopefulness, forbearance, personal freedom and sensible thought of the business classes. Combining good narrative skills,excellent characterization, and historic detail, Johnson and Wilentz recreate the engaging tale of a hypocritical prophet and his erroneous followers in New York during the eighteen twenties and thirties. The main motif that dominated Matthiass and Elijah Piersons actions involves the beliefs that were instilled in them when they were young,about the natural order of men and women. The patriarchy that ruled Matthiass kingdom originated in both mens thoughts from the Calvini sm that was their first doctrine as youths around eighteen hundred. Elijahs Morristown First Presbyterian Church and Mathews Coila Anti-Burhgers church enforced the dominance of men through incorporating their domestic authority into church ritual. With Elijah men sat at the head of the pew and his father and uncles were church trustees. Even though Robert Matthews church had an egalitarian dissolution of power and wealth , patriarchal roles were reinforced by men leading their families into church andall the authority figures being male. They were taught that God governed the world through fixed relationships of dominance and subordination. It is because of Matthews refusal to give up his position as male leader and provider for his family, even when they were destitute, that led to his descent into lunacy leaving his family in eighteen thirty one. This is why women and economicdespair play such an important role in the history of the kingdom. Margarets rejection of Matthews after his continual attempts to exert his manly dominance through beating her and punishing the children started his resentment and hatred of women. This led to his condemning of all preachy Christian women who did act subservient to their husbands. Woman is the capsheaf of the abomination of desolation-full of all deviltry;. Women also contributed a great deal to Elijah Piersons eventual devotion to Matthias. As Elijah turned to working with female missionaries in eighteen nineteen, the new evangelism of the times became the basis for a new life;and his marriage to Sarah, a strong missionary, who gently took total control over Elijahs household and religious affairs. It was Sarahs connection as a perfectionist reformer to FrancesFolger that led to the meeting with Ann Folger and becoming extreme perfectionists. As Elijah began experiencing his conversations with holy spirit, they helped form the Retrenchment society and Elijahs mental weakening that made him susceptible to Matthias. But most importantly it was Sarahs death and failed resurrection that led Elijahs own descent into lunacy and his eventual death. However, as large as the role of women is in this book because of all the changes that were made socially in that time; overall the market revolution with its dispersion of skilled artisans and the increase in out workers and factory workers played a huge role in the history of the kingdom. As Matthias was a carpenter he saved his money, and after he was accused ofassaulting a girl he returned to Coila in eighteen twelve were Robert Thompson helped him open a business that was successful. However, as Matthews began to bring in small parts of big city luxury to Coila and as the small town experienced them and began to be apart of the market revolution, Matthews overextended his resources, losing his shirt to the bank. Even as the marketexpanded and Pearl street became a booming commerce area, Matthews had to go back to being a carpenter and financial insecurit y. As he worked to support his family, the panic of eighteen nineteen hit and his last chance at skilled profitable independent labor slipped away with unfinished suspend building projects. The increase in specialization labor and factory workers leftopen the route of wage labor for Matthews to support his family. The loss of economic independence however would start on a journey of strange religious visions, the beating of his wife, and finally the transition into Matthias.The two underlying sub themes of this portion of history are the racial values of the kingdom and the gradual negation of fire and brimstone Calvinism into the gentle loving trend of Evangelism during the Second Great Awakening. Thecase in point of the strange racial values of the kingdom is Isabella Van Wagenen, later Sojourner Truth. She was originally Methodist and after becoming free, she was introduced to James Latourette. Joining his household as a servant and attending perfectionist meetings there even whi le she worked for others. It was through his respect for her that she met Elijah Pierson whileshe was interacting with the girls at the Magdalene asylum on Bowery hill. Isabella befriended Piersons servant Katy, and Elijah engaged her to keep his house while Katy was in Virginia. After she opened the door for Matthias on that fateful day, she said she felt like God had sent him to set up the kingdom. When Pierson and Matthias met, she was allowed to be present andcommon belief that they all shared negated any color boundaries. This intimacy, the result of holding the same faith, and adopting of only one table for everyone, and the communal style of living, let her color become a moot point. She was both a valuable source of information for Matthias and the domestic help, while being on the same moral plane as everyone else in the house. Just as the changing times allowed a black to join a religious cult, the harsh Calvinistic principles of the late seventeen hundreds were slipping a way being replaced by the accepting Evangelic principles of repentance and redemption. As the market economy grew, the small towns of subsistence farmers began to falter taking with them the grass roots fear of god philosophy. In the large city, evangelisms doctrine of helping the sinner instead of chastising themwas growing like wildfire. Matthews had tried to condemn people in Manhattan for drinking and whoring, but the expanding Evangelism had already created a standard of leniency. His preaching were unheard and annoying often causing him to lose the job. This dissolution of his childhood faith strained him until his vision at the African church finally caused him to accept the new movement in some form.The historical writings that this book is based on seem to complementeach other well. Stones cover up of the Folgers actions and the wife switching at the kingdom was clearly refuted by vales volumes even if no one really read them. Margaret Matthews pamphlet also opposes Stones writing, yet because it comes from such a biased source, the findings cannot really be taken seriously. Johnson and Wilentz were correct in assuming that she was not the best of sources. The effort on Vales part to corroborate all of Isabella facts with white evidence is now a blessing because her facts are more substantiated for us, even if he checked her facts for the wrong reasons. One of the sources states that the Pierson house was twice as expensive as the typical middle class of the times which goes with Matthiass description of understated money that was his initial impression walking in. A source that was actually interesting on its own was The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, which has many informative descriptions of the everyday life of the kingdom as well as a more detailed account of Piersons and Matthiass first meeting. In the book, it is not mentioned that Isabella was present at that meeting or that she was avidly curious and sat in attentively. Johnson and Wilentzs na rrative wasfairly fast paced and well sequenced, but I got the impression from reading part of the Sojourner truths writings that there were many facts omitted. However, my own personal analysis of the book leaves me impressed with how the happenings of the kingdom were so tied in with many important people and events that have lasting legacies today. From Joseph Smith to Sojourner Truth, Matthias did not leave this world without making a profound affect on some important persons. Seeing how the Second Great Awakening was tied in with economic despair was very eye opening. The vulnerability of the impoverished, their susceptibility to strong vision and charisma is the real reason that cults will continue to pop up throughout the next millennium. .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc , .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .postImageUrl , .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc , .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc:hover , .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc:visited , .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc:active { border:0!important; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc:active , .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10b78f4253559782f0c56eb33b43edbc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Enders game--enders empathic a Essay